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Urination: autonomic control
"When you pee, it's PISs":
Parasympathetic Inhibits Sympathetic.

Adrenal cortex layers and products
"Great Attire And Fast Cars Are Really Sexy Attributes":
Granulosa secretes Aldosterone in response to Angiotensin II. Fasiculata secretes Cortisol in response to ACTH. Reticularis secretes Sex steroids in response to ACTH.

Adrenal gland: functions ACTH:
Adrenergic functions
Catabolism of proteins/ Carbohydrate metabolism
T cell immunomodulation
Hyper/ Hypotension (blood pressure control)

Adrenal cortex layers and products
"Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex":
• Layers: Glomerulosa Fasiculata Reticulata
• Respective products: Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Sex hormones
• Alternatively for layers: GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate, convenient since adrenal glands are atop kidney).

Carotid sinus vs. carotid body function
carotid SinuS: measures preSSure.
carotid bO2dy measures O2.

Einthoven's Triangle: organization
Corners are at RA (right arm), LA (left arm), LL (left leg).
Number of L's at a corner tell how many + signs are at that corner [eg LL is ++]. Sum of number of L's of any 2 corners tells the name of the lead [eg LL-LA is lead III]. For reference axes, the negative angle hemisphere is on the half of the triangle drawing that has all the negative signs; positive angle hemisphere contains only positive signs.
• See diagram.

Pituitary: anterior hypophysis hormones
FLATPiG:
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin ignore GH

Hb-oxygen dissociation curve shifts: effect, location
Left shift: causes Loading of O2 in Lungs.
Right shift: causes Release of O2 from Hb.

Diabetes Insipidous: diagnosing subtypes
After a desmopression injection:
Concentrated urine = Cranial.
No effect = Nephrogenic.

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms THYROIDISM:
Tremor
Heart rate up
Yawning [fatigability]
Restlessness
Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea
Intolerance to heat
Diarrhea
Irritability
Sweating
Musle wasting & weight loss

Oxytocin-producing nucleus of hypothalamus
Paraventricular nucleus--> Parturition (childbirth is oxytocin's most important role).

PGI2 vs. TxA2 coagulation function
TxA2 Aggregates platelets.
PGI2 Inhibits aggregation.
• Note: full name of PGI2 is prostaglandin I2 or prostacyclin, full name of TxA2 is thromboxane A2.

Alkalosis vs. acidosis: directions of pH and HCO3 ROME: Respiratory= Opposite:
• pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis). • pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis).
Metabolic= Equal: • pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis). • pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis).

Temperature control: cerebral regions
"High Power Air Conditioner":
Heating = Posterior hipothalamo [hypothalamus].
Anterior hipothalamo [hypothalamus] = Cooling.

VO2 normal value is 250 mL/min
"V02" is the numbers, just need to rearrange the order. V is roman numeral for 5, so rearrange to 2V0, or 250 mL/min.

Nervous stimulus: the 4 ways to classify
"A MILD stimulus": Modality Intensity Location Duration

Compliance of lungs factors COMPLIANCE:
Collagen deposition (fibrosis)
Ossification of costal cartilages
Major obesity
Pulmonary venous congestion
Lung size
Increased expanding pressure
Age
No surfactant
Chest wall scarring
Emphysema
• All but L/A/E decrease compliance.

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathway tests
"PeT PiTTbull":
PeT: PT is for extrinsic pathway.
PiTTbull: PTT is for intrinsic pathway.

Heart: -tropic definitions
Lusitropic: loose is relaxed.
Definition: relax heart.
Inotropic: when heart wall contracts, moves inward.
Definition: contract heart. Chronotropic: 'chrono-' means 'time'. Defintion: heart rate (of SA node impulses).
Dromotropic: only one left, it must be conduction speed by default.

Pituitary hormones FLAGTOP:
Follicle stimulating hormone
Lutinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropin hormone
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Alternatively: GOAT FLAP with the second 'A' for Anti-diruetic homone/vasopressin
• Note: there is also melanocyte secreting homone and Lipotropin, but they are not well understood.

Heart valves: sequence of flow
TRIPS BIAS:
TRIcuspid Pulmonary Semilunar
BIcuspid Aortic Semilunar

V/Q gradient in lung
Infinity, a lung and a zero stack nicely.
V/Q is lowest at bottom, highest at top.
• See diagram

Balance organs
Utricle and Saccule keep US balanced.

Adrenal cortex layers and products
"Get your Facts Right, Men are Glued to their Gonads":
Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Gonadocorticoids [androgens]

Heart electrical conduction pathway
"If patient's family are all having Heart attacks, you must SAVe HIS KIN!"
SA node ---> AV node ---> His (bundle of) --> PurKINje fibers

Gut intrinsic innervation: myenteric plexus vs. submucosal plexus function
Myenteric: Motility.
Submucosal: Secretion and blood flow.

Progesterone: actions PROGESTE:
Produce cervical mucous
Relax uterine smooth muscle
Oxycotin sensitivity down
Gonadotropin [FSH, LH] secretions down
Endometrial spiral arteries and secretions up
Sustain pregnancy
Temperature up / Tit development
Excitability of myometrium down

Mechanoreceptor types
"Frustated Muscular Mechanics Rub Her P*ssy":
Free nerve endings
Meisner's
Merkel's disc
Ruffini's
Hair end organ
Pacinian corpuscle

Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites
"ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c):
• Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain.
"HbF binds Forcefully":
• HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left. Stored blood is SOS:
• Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG. 2,3 BPG binding site is BBC: • BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb.
Myoglobin binding strength is MOM: • Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.

Muscle spindle: origin of primary vs. secondary endings
"1 from 1, 2 from 2":
Primary ending is from Group Ia.
Secondary ending from Group II.
• See diagram.

Osteoblast vs. osteoclast
OsteoBlast Builds bone.
OsteoClast Consumes bone.

Pepsin-producing cells
"Chief of Pepsi-Cola":
• Chief cells of stomach produce Pepsin.

Prostaglandins: dilatation abilities
Prospectors keep mineshafts open:
Mineshaft 1: Patent ductus ateriosus.
Mineshaft 2: renal afferent arteriole dilatation.

Adrenal cortex layers and products
"Get My Freakin' Gun Right Away":
Glomerulosa: Mineralcorticoid (aldosterone) Fasiculata: Glucocorticoid (cortisol) Reticularis: Androgens

MAO isoenzyme form locations
• MAO-A in: Adrenergic peripheral structures Alimentary mucosa [intestine]
• MAO-B in: Brain Blood platelets

Adrenal cortex layers and products
"Get All Fat Chicks Right Away":
• Layers: Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis • Products: Aldosterone Cortisol Androgens

Cochlea: inner vs. outer hair cell function
"Outer cells are Out of the brain. Inner cells are Into the brain":
Outer hair cells are motor efferents to amplify signal. Inner hair cells are sensory afferents that actually pick up the sound.

LH vs FSH: function in male
LH: Leydig cells stimulated to produce testosterone.
FSH: Spermatogenesis stimulated.

Heart valves: closure sequence
"Many Things Are Possible":
Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic, Pulmonic

Rods vs. cone function
RoD: Dim light.
Cones: Color.